Heavy Metal Induced Oxidative Stress Mitigation and ROS Scavenging in Plants

Although trace elements are essential for life, environmental contamination due to metal accumulation and overuse in various sectors, such as healthcare, agriculture, industry, cosmetics, poses significant health concerns. Exposure of plants heavy metals leads the overproduction reactive oxygen species (ROS) their ability change mitochondrial membrane permeability restrict action ROS clearance enzymes cellular antioxidant system. The interaction with membranes, heavy-metal-induced interactions directly or indirectly different macromolecules, signaling pathways pollutants oxidative stress exposed organisms. metal–ROS–cell axis affects pathological processes ATP depletion, excess production, respiratory chain damage, decoupling phosphorylation, death. This review focuses on discussing toxic effects plants, particular emphasis stress, its consequences, mitigation strategies.